El sistema permitiría descartar pacientes que no padecen de problemas de columna vertebral, reduciendo el gasto invertido en la toma de imágenes diagnósticas.
Un sistema experto que servirá de apoyo para que médicos generales realicen un prediagnóstico de diversos padecimientos de columna, fue desarrollado por alumnos de la Escuela Superior de Cómputo del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, en Ciudad de México.
De acuerdo con la agencia del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (Conacyt), se trata de una plataforma web —aún en fase de prototipo— que funciona con base en algoritmos adaptados que analizan el historial clínico del paciente, así como imágenes de su columna para determinar si padece escoliosis congénita, escoliosis idiopática o cifosis postural; no obstante, al tratarse de un prediagnóstico, el resultado serviría para referir pacientes a que un ortopedista los valore y diagnostique.
Para la fase de análisis del historial clínico, el paciente debe responder a un formulario de 60 reactivos aproximadamente, elaborado de manera conjunta con los ortopedistas Filemón Vázquez Merino y José Manuel Delgadillo Avendaño, del Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, así como el técnico radiólogo Santos Villagrán Piña, del Hospital Regional General Ignacio Zaragoza del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE Zaragoza).
Entretanto, para el análisis de las imágenes es necesario cargar en el sistema la versión electrónica de al menos dos radiografías de la columna del paciente —de costado y de frente—, las cuales, en términos sencillos, se comparan con la base de datos generada a partir de radiografías de pacientes diagnosticados previamente, indica el Conacyt.
Los investigadores Iván Mariscal Avendaño y Gabriel Mendoza Ruiz explicaron en entrevista al Conacyt que sometieron su desarrollo a pruebas con información real de pacientes del ISSSTE Zaragoza y obtuvieron un porcentaje de efectividad de 85 por ciento.
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Nosotros desarrollamos un sistema experto para la detección de problemas de columna vertebral (…) El objetivo es apoyar a los médicos generales a que valoren a personas que acudan con malestares de espalda y determinen con mayor efectividad si deben o no ser referidos al ortopedista”,
“Nosotros desarrollamos un sistema experto para la detección de problemas de columna vertebral (…) El objetivo es apoyar a los médicos generales a que valoren a personas que acudan con malestares de espalda y determinen con mayor efectividad si deben o no ser referidos al ortopedista”, dijo Gabriel Mendoza Ruiz.
El sistema funciona tras la respuesta a un cuestionario de historia clínica, elaborado con base en los que ya existen en el sector salud, pero adecuado a las necesidades específicas para la detección de la escoliosis congénita, escoliosis idiopática o cifosis postural, señala el comunicado de prensa del Conacyt.
“Este cuestionario está dividido en seis secciones: datos personales, antecedentes familiares —para identificar el factor de riesgo hereditario—, antecedentes personales no patológicos, antecedentes personales patológicos, solo patológicos y test de Adams —prueba física en la cual el médico hace que el paciente tome una postura inclinada para medir el grado de curvatura de la columna”, explicó Iván Mariscal Avendaño.
De acuerdo con ambos, el interrogatorio como tal equivale a 35 por ciento del prediagnóstico, mientras que la imagenología —análisis de las radiografías— significa 65 por ciento, porque es a través de radiografías que los especialistas detectan esas patologías.
Al concluirse la fase de historia clínica, el siguiente paso es cargar las radiografías en el sistema, en el que a las imágenes se les aplican filtros de reconocimiento con base en inteligencia artificial.
“El sistema segmenta la imagen para que el algoritmo identifique la columna vertebral, después se lleva a cabo un proceso de umbralización —pintar de blanco la columna—, posteriormente se rellenan los huecos entre las vértebras y, finalmente, se determinan puntos que definen la forma de la columna”, explicó Mariscal Avendaño.
Por su parte, Mendoza Ruiz dijo que una vez identificados esos puntos, mediante un proceso matemático, se obtiene un polinomio que determina una función (matemática) que describe la columna. El método utilizado fue conocido como ajuste exacto de Lagrange, ya que posee un rango de error menor comparado con otros.
Para el técnico radiólogo Santos Villagrán Piña se trata de un desarrollo de gran utilidad para que médicos generales refieran solo a aquellos pacientes que en verdad podrían tener un padecimiento de columna, indica la nota de prensa del Conacyt.
En consecuencia, ello optimizaría el servicio de la especialidad al descartar a aquellos pacientes que en realidad no tienen esos problemas y, al mismo tiempo, significaría una reducción en el gasto realizado como consecuencia de la toma de radiografías.
Noticia de :
http://www.elhospital.com/temas/Mexicanos-innovan-en-el-diagnostico-de-problemas-de-columna+127666

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