La bacteria que se ha vuelto tolerante a los desinfectantes de los hospitales

Las infecciones nosocomiales, aquellas que se adquieren durante la estancia en un hospital y que no estaban presentes ni en el período de incubación, ni en el momento del ingreso del paciente, suponen un grave problema de salud mundial.

En las últimas décadas, las especies bacterianas resistentes al tratamiento, como el Staphylococcus aureus no vulnerable a la meticilina, se han convertido en una fuente creciente de preocupación para los trabajadores de los hospitales.

Por ello, los centros han adoptado estrictos procedimientos de higiene para evitar que los microbios peligrosos infecten a los pacientes, que a menudo implican el lavado de manos con desinfectantes a base de isopropilo o alcohol etílico.

Un nuevo estudio, publicado en Science Traslational Medicine, revela que la bacteria Enterococcus faecium, resistente a múltiples fármacos, se está volviendo cada vez más tolerante a los alcoholes utilizados en los desinfectantes para lavarse las manos de los hospitales.

El análisis, liderado por expertos de la Universidad de Melbourne (Australia), tomó muestras bacterianas de dos hospitales del país durante 19 años. Los resultados sugieren que Enterococcus faecium se está adaptando a esta forma de control de la infección, que se utiliza en las instalaciones sanitarias de todo el mundo.

 

 

Las especies bacterianas resistentes al tratamiento se han convertido en una fuente creciente de preocupación para los trabajadores de los hospitales. (Foto: Pixabay)

Es más, las infecciones por E. faecium resistentes a los medicamentos han aumentado a pesar del uso de desinfectantes de alcohol, y actualmente representan una de las principales causas de contaminación adquirida en los hospitales.

Este alarmante desarrollo impulsó al equipo de científicos a investigar si E. faecium podría estar provocando resistencia a los alcoholes utilizados en los lavados de manos.

Los expertos examinaron 139 muestras de E. faecium, recolectadas previamente entre 1997 y 2015, y analizaron la supervivencia de cada ejemplar cuando se exponía a alcohol isopropílico diluido.

Sus conclusiones revelan que las muestras recolectadas después de 2009 fueron, en promedio, más tolerantes al alcohol en comparación con las bacterias tomadas antes de 2004.

En una segunda fase, los autores diseminaron diferentes cepas de E. faecium en el suelo de las jaulas de los ratones y descubrieron que las muestras tolerantes al alcohol colonizaban mejor en los roedores que estaban alojados en jaulas limpias con toallitas de alcohol isopropílico.

El análisis del genoma bacteriano reveló que las muestras tolerantes albergaban varias mutaciones en genes implicados en el metabolismo que conferían una mayor resistencia al alcohol. Los autores apuntan la necesidad de examinar las muestras en hospitales de otras regiones geográficas antes de poder extraer conclusiones importantes.

“Los esfuerzos globales para mitigar la resistencia bacteriana deberían considerar cómo los microbios pueden adaptarse no solo a los fármacos, sino también a los alcoholes y otros ingredientes utilizados en los desinfectantes”, concluyen. (Fuente: SINC)

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